How to Show a Ramp on Plan in Architectural Drawings

Stairs and Ramps

Stairs, ramps, elevators, and escalators provide access to different flooring levels inside or on the exterior of a structure. Stairs and ramps are often used in buildings three stories in height and less, whereas elevators and escalators are employed on buildings of 4

Figure ix-1 Shop drawings are highly detailed assembly drawings done by a subcontractor. They show a designer's initial blueprint and drawing with expanded views, descriptions, and structure details.

TRIM AT DOOR

BASE TRIM

MULL ION

TRIM e UJALL

184 top track

MEAD TRIM a DOOR

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EXTERIOR Acme

STAIRS

Meridian OF HANDRAIL BETWEEN 34" TO 38' C8&5-ix&five; To a higher place STAIR NOSING

MIN. 60° Slope TO RISER

OPEN RISERS NOT PERMITTED

top of handrail between 34'-3s' í0&5-9é>5; higher up ramp 9ura=ace inside handrail on turns must be continuous handrails omitted for clarity, just required on both sides of ramp runs when rise is over b' d5z>; or horizontal length is over 12" (18301.

NONCONTINUOUS HANDRAILS MUST EXTEND BETOND STAIRS AS SHOWN AND Be PARALLEL TO FLOOR.

HANDRAILS REQUIRED AT BOTH SIDES OF STAIRS INSIDE HANDRAIL MUST Exist CONTINUOUS ON STAIR TURNS.

tí' (38; MAXIMUM PROJECTION

Open RISERS NOT PERMITTED

HANDRAILS REQUIRED AT BOTH SIDES OF STAIRS Inside HANDRAIL MUST BE CONTINUOUS ON STAIR TURNS.

tí' (38; MAXIMUM Projection

Figure 9-two Stair design and construction must meet building code and ADA requirements, including rules on configuration, width, risers, treads, landings, and handrails.

noncontinuous handrails must extend 121 í30sj as shoiln and be parallel to basis surface.

60" (1525} by 60" (1525; landing required f ramp changes direction.

noncontinuous handrails must extend 121 í30sj as shoiln and be parallel to ground surface.

60" (1525} by 60" (1525; landing required f ramp changes direction.

min. width 36' (9i5j top of handrail betwixt 34'-3s' í0&5-9é>five; above ramp 9ura=ace inside handrail on turns must be continuous

handrails omitted for clarity, just required on both sides of ramp runs when rise is over b' d5z>; or horizontal length is over 12" (18301.

Figure 9-3 Ramps must be constructed in accordance with ADA guidelines and edifice codes. They provide physically disabled individuals with admission to different floors.

min. width 36' (9i5j

Figure 9-3 Ramps must be synthetic in accordance with ADA guidelines and building codes. They provide physically disabled individuals with admission to different floors.

floors or more. However, in buildings such as shopping centers, which accept high floor-to-floor dimensions and must accommodate a great number of people, escalators are commonly used. The design of stairs should place the least amount of physical strain on the people who employ them, while reinforcing the pattern grapheme of the space and structure of the building. Designs tin range from major or monumental stairways to stairways that are strictly for commonsensical purposes.

Stairs are normally constructed from wood, steel, or concrete. Their design and structure must meet a number of building code and Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements for configuration, width, risers, treads, landings, and handrails (Figure ix-2). In many cases, a stair is augmented past a ramp that provides vertical transit for physically impaired individuals or ease of moving heavy objects (Figure ix-3). Interior design projects might involve the design and structure of a new stair or the remodel of an existing stair. Remodeling is often done to upgrade a stair in an older building to meet the current edifice codes or ADA requirements. Stairway Configurations and Terms

Stairs may exist designed in a number of configurations to conform the amount of infinite available, the geometry of the layout, and the vertical/horizontal distance they must traverse. The most common stair configurations are shown in Figure 9-iv. Their bones arrangements can exist described past the following categories: straight run, right-angle run, reversing run, and some form of circular run. Figure 9-5 illustrates some of the well-nigh ordinarily used stair terms, defined below:

Baluster — the vertical components that agree the handrail. These are spaced to prevent people from falling through. These are governed by edifice codes and are

usually a maximum clearance to prevent a iv-inch (101.6 mm) sphere from passing through.

Guardrail — a rail that is used on the landings or floor levels to prevent people from falling between floor levels. Information technology is usually a minimum of 36 inches high in residential and 42 inches high in commercial buildings.

Handrail — a continuous section of railing adjacent to a stair for a person to grasp as an aid when ascending or descending. Building codes closely command whether the railing is on ane or both sides of the stair, its superlative above the floor, and other specifics.

Headroom — the minimum clearance betwixt the border (or olfactory organ) of the tread and whatever part of an obstacle above.

straight run

- MUST HAVE INTERMEDIATE LANDING F R-OOR TO H-OOR Meridian I» AOO^B a FT.

fifty-shape

- CTTEN USED IN COWERS

- RH OR FLIGHT CF STAIRS MAT Be EOUAL OR LKEOLLAL CN EACH SIDE OF LANDING

- U-9HAPE STAIRS ARE OFT» USED IN Series SUCH AS STAIRUAYS BemesN mant floors of

HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

- USED PRIMARILY ONLY IN RESIDENTIAL, Every bit THEY Tin Exist HAZARDOUS AND HOT PERMITTED BY Nigh COMMERCIAL CODES Equally AN egress STAIR

- USED WHEN THEFC IB NOT ENOUGH TOOM FOR AN L-6HAPE STAIR

- rwinieuasfireexitstairs

IN ac*-« CASES WITH AN AffROVED RADIUS

RESID^CES

- CAN Exist DIFFICULT TO CARRY LAR5E OBJECTS Upwardly « Downwardly STAIRS IF Small RADIUS IS USED

- Screw STAIRS CAN ^SEMBLE CUfWED STAIRS ILHEN THET Take A LARGE RADIUS

INTEWEI3IATE LANDINS -MINI. LENGTH EQUAL TO STAIR UIDTH

■SHAPED STAIRS CAN

■SHAPED STAIRS CAN

- MODIMCATIONS Tin can \ BE MADB FOR STAIR \ FLIGHTS TO RJ4 IN \ Yard ANT DICTIONS-1

MOVIE STARS AFC É^TEN iSN UIALONG DOIIN T1-E8E STAJRS

■LANDINGS

OUADRANT <V4) OF THE CYLINDER

■LANDINGS

OUADRANT <V4) OF THE CYLINDER

SIDE < Plan VIEWS

LANDw STAIR ¿AND 4 STAIR UAND&

iHffltirr nimiT i

Figure 9-four Stairs can exist constructed in a number of unlike configurations, depending on the corporeality of space bachelor and the altitude betwixt floors.

plan view

Figure ix-five (far left) Typical parts of a stair.

-STAIF» CAN f*e MADE More \ programme view MANAGEABLE Past First N3 T^E CCNVERSS^CE OF Tl-E COWCR STAIRS—

V L^DiNt

Landing — the floor or platform at the beginning or end of a stair, or between 2 or more than stair runs. Newel — the terminating baluster at the bottom or tiptop of a stair, which is usually larger than the other balusters. Nosing — the part of the tread that overhangs the riser, reducing the problem of a person accidentally kick the riser equally they ascend the stair.

Rise — the total vertical distance that is traveled on a stair. Information technology is the perpendicular measurement betwixt flooring levels and the sum of all the riser heights. Riser — the vertical part of a stair between the treads. Run — the total horizontal depth of a stair, which is the sum of the treads.

Stringer — the structural back up for the stair treads and risers. This is also referred to as a carriage. It might be exposed on a utilitarian stair, or subconscious with various finishes on more decorative stairs.

Tread — the horizontal part of a stair that the pes bears down upon.

Winder - the wedge-shaped tread in a plow of the stairway run - establish mostly in residential work, considering commercial edifice codes restrict these.

Drafting Standards

The blueprint and cartoon details needed to illustrate a stair are dependent upon the complication of the stair and the basic structural material information technology is synthetic of. Stair systems are made primarily of woods, steel, or concrete. Woods stairs are mostly used in residential construction and are mostly the simplest to draw and particular. Stairs are shown on the floor plans and chosen out as to their basic widths and number of treads and risers. The program besides shows the run and an arrow indicating whether the stairs go upward or downwardly from that level. Floor-plan views of stairs often cannot evidence all the materials and cross-sectional parts of their assemblies. Special stair sections (Figure 9-six) are ofttimes drawn to show the construction and end details. In virtually cases, the designer does not take to draw every detail of a stairway and its many components. The fabricators of metal, concrete, and some woods stairs often brand store drawings. These detailed drawings are submitted to the designer for review.

Calibration of Drawings

The scale of stairway drawings is generally V8" = i'-0" (one:100 metric) or W = 1'-0" (1:50 metric), both in plan and superlative views. The number of treads and risers, too as their dimensions, are called out hither. Generic features such equally the handrails and guardrails are also shown in both the plan and superlative views. Generally, handrails seen in elevation views are placed at a compatible elevation thirty-34 inches (762-864 mm) above the stair nosing. In commercial projects with steel or concrete stairs, a large-calibration drawing and stair section are required to fully explicate these stair details and handrail/guardrail specifics. These are drawn at a calibration of at least V2" = 1'-0" (ane:20 metric) and cross-referenced to the floor plans.

To determine the number of treads and risers a stair must have, the vertical dimension between floor levels must be known. This vertical dimension is divided by the maximum riser summit allowed past the building codes. At this writing, well-nigh residential stairs are limited to a maximum riser top of 8 inches (203 mm) and a minimum tread depth of 9% inches (235 mm). Commercial codes restrict the maximum height of a riser to vii inches (178 mm), with

a minimum tread depth of xi inches (280 mm). In a residential building, the typical vertical dimension might be nine'-ten", or 106 inches (2.69 m). The designer divides 106 past 8 to find the minimum number of risers needed, which is 13.2. If only xiii are used, each riser will be slightly over 8 inches, which is non allowed according to the code. Rounding upwards to fourteen will ensure each riser is slightly below the allowed 8 inches.

To find the total number of treads, remember that at that place is always one tread fewer than number of risers, as the flooring levels at each stair end are not counted equally treads. In our case, in that location would be 13 treads at 9 inches (229 mm) each, for a resulting stair run of 13 10 9" = ix feet, 11 inches (3.02 m).

Figure 9-half-dozen Stair sections are often drawn to particular out the construction and finish components, which are not shown in plan views.

programme.

Checklist for Stairways

General

• If a separate enlarged drawing is done for the stairway, key it and cantankerous-reference to the floor plans.

• Testify stairs in their entirety where possible, or employ break lines where they continue on another floor level.

• Check stair widths, riser heights, tread widths, landing widths, and other particulars against the appropriate building codes and ADA requirements. Verify required dimensions and clearances.

Notations

• Telephone call out management of travel (up or downward) on each section of stairway, and indicate with an pointer.

Dimensioning Stairways

Stairways are dimensioned on the floor plans as to their landing sizes, widths, and run of each stair, as seen in Effigy ix-vii. The total number and dimensions of the risers and runs are too shown on the plan. Vertical heights of the stair rise, handrails, and other particulars are dimensioned on a split section or elevation drawing that is cantankerous-referenced to the plan view (Figure ix-8). Designation of Materials

A stair'southward materials can exist indicated in a number of different ways, depending upon how many materials there are and the size and complexity of the construction. Underlying structural materials might be chosen out with notes or shown in a sectional view. If the structural textile is also the finished surface, this should be called out. If a separate finish textile covers the stair, this might exist chosen out in the section view, programme view, or on a divide finish

Figure 9-7 This enlarged plan of a stairway shows the dimensions of the landings, the widths and the run of each stair, risers, treads, and other details.

Effigy 9-viii Stair sections show heights of the stair rise, handrails, and other details, cross-referenced to the plan view.

Get-go Flooring STAIRIUAY

Figure 9-8 Stair sections bear witness heights of the stair rise, handrails, and other details, cross-referenced to the plan view.

ENTRY

Outset Floor

LOWER LEVEL

FIRST Floor

ENTRY

LOWER LEVEL

STAIR SECTION

• Note handrails and other trim. Cardinal to where these can be found in more detail.

• Phone call out materials where stairs are shown in department view, including structural and finish components.

• Cross-reference to any structural plans where they are provided.

Dimensions

• Call out number and widths of treads, besides as number and top of risers.

• Dimension the total run of stairs in both plan and section views.

• Dimension the width of the stairs and any landings.

• Dimension treads, nosings, risers, landings, and handrail locations in sectional views of stairways.

Millwork

Architectural plans are often drawn at a scale too minor to show adequate particular for cabinetry and millwork such equally moldings, paneling, miscellaneous trim, and casings for doors and windows. These components are fatigued and detailed at a large calibration and cross-referenced to the basic plans. Millwork and cabinetry, also referred to every bit architectural woodwork, can include both manufactured stock components and custom woodwork that is assembled on the jobsite (Figure nine-nine). Although some designers include cabinetry under the category of millwork, information technology will be treated here as a separate classification due to the specialized drawings needed to describe it.

Figure 9-9 This large-scale drawing shows the placement of stock-manufactured base cabinets.

T-3 TRIM

T-3S TRIM

MR-60

X4" Console ON %' H.D.F. ON %• GYP. BD. T-&4 TRIM

I" UJIDE x W DEEP WHITE MTL. GLAZING CHANNEL AND BLACK GLAZING GASKET. SHIM HDF As REQUIRE TO HIDE CHANNEL.

FÜLL MIRROR

TILE:

FIBERGL'S SHOIUER

Elevation

MEN: Third FLOOR

Figure nine-10 Molding trim is produced in standard shapes and forest species, as noted in this section detail.

Go on reading here: Millujork Section

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